In the interesting discussion I have had with TPM readers in the last few days about the White Phosporous question, there have been a number of reference to the criteria for Just War.  Just War Theory seems a fitting topic for discussion with friends and family on the day after holiday indulgence.

As most TPM readers no doubt know, the concept of Just War Theory  has its roots in 5th Century Christianity when the Church was finding ways to reconcile itself to the realities of the Roman Empire.

Although it moved gradually into the sphere of humanistic philosophy and ultimately into international law, the roots of Just War  are religious.

It is useful, therefore, to start with the religious formulation, because it has been with us for a millennium-and-a-half, and it is so deeply woven into the fabric of  notions of Western Civilization

The original Christian tests for going to war,  and for the conduct of a war justly entered into, can be simplified to these:

1. Right authority

War can only be waged by a legitimate authority.   At the time Augustine of Hippo first wrote  these principles he meant either a Prince a King.

2. Just cause

A just cause avenges a wrong. Or protects  the innocent.

3. Right intention

A right intention is to be held by those waging war.  (eg this might be read today  to mean Peace, not land or oil)  .  This links with the concept of Discrimination below.

4.  Last Resort

The genuine prospect of of imminent attack

If the decision go to war passes these tests,  the conduct of the war is just only if it adheres to these:

1.. Proportionality

War can only be fought by legitimate means. Means must be proportional.

2.. Discrimination

Respect for the immunity of the innocent and non-combatants.  And in keeping with the prior notion of Right Intention: Showing mercy in victory. Somber regret.

3.. Reasonable hope for success

The debate about the Administration's foundations for going to war, what the Church called Jus Ad Bellum , seems to be taking on new life in Washington.

The debate about our conduct of the war, what Church doctrine terms Jus Ad Bello,  is what has animated the discussion about the recent use of Whote Phosphorous in Fallujah.

Both dimensions of Just War Theory might be suitable grist for Post-Thanksgiving relection.

John Stuart Blackton